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Applies to: Windows Server 2019, Windows Server 2016, Windows Server (Semi-Annual Channel)

1. Beside, Windows enhances further TCP window scaling with auto tuning feature, where TCP stack in Windows system will auto tune and adjust the RWIN size to increase the percentage of full-sized TCP segments that are used during bulk data transmission based on the network scenario it encountered.
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Apr 28, 2018 From Windows 10 version 1703 onwards, you will find the storage sense under ‘‘Start Settings System Storage”. Activate the switch under ‘‘Storage sense” and then click. ‘‘Change how we free up space” to customize the settings.

Use the information in this topic to tune the performance network adapters for computers that are running Windows Server 2016 and later versions. If your network adapters provide tuning options, you can use these options to optimize network throughput and resource usage.

The correct tuning settings for your network adapters depend on the following variables:

• The network adapter and its feature set
• The type of workload that the server performs
• The server hardware and software resources
• Your performance goals for the server

The following sections describe some of your performance tuning options.

Enabling offload features

Turning on network adapter offload features is usually beneficial. However, the network adapter might not be powerful enough to handle the offload capabilities with high throughput.

Important

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Do not use the offload features IPsec Task Offload or TCP Chimney Offload. These technologies are deprecated in Windows Server 2016, and might adversely affect server and networking performance. In addition, these technologies might not be supported by Microsoft in the future.

For example, consider a network adapter that has limited hardware resources.In that case, enabling segmentation offload features might reduce the maximum sustainable throughput of the adapter. However, if the reduced throughput is acceptable, you should go ahead an enable the segmentation offload features.

Note

Some network adapters require you to enable offload features independently for the send and receive paths.

Enabling receive-side scaling (RSS) for web servers

RSS can improve web scalability and performance when there are fewer network adapters than logical processors on the server. When all the web traffic is going through the RSS-capable network adapters, the server can process incoming web requests from different connections simultaneously across different CPUs.

Important

Avoid using both non-RSS network adapters and RSS-capable network adapters on the same server. Because of the load distribution logic in RSS and Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), performance might be severely degraded if a non-RSS-capable network adapter accepts web traffic on a server that has one or more RSS-capable network adapters. In this circumstance, you should use RSS-capable network adapters or disable RSS on the network adapter properties Advanced Properties tab.

To determine whether a network adapter is RSS-capable, you can view the RSS information on the network adapter properties Advanced Properties tab.

RSS Profiles and RSS Queues

The default RSS predefined profile is NUMAStatic, which differs from the default that the previous versions of Windows used. Before you start using RSS profiles, review the available profiles to understand when they are beneficial and how they apply to your network environment and hardware.

For example, if you open Task Manager and review the logical processors on your server, and they seem to be underutilized for receive traffic, you can try increasing the number of RSS queues from the default of two to the maximum that your network adapter supports. Your network adapter might have options to change the number of RSS queues as part of the driver.

Increasing network adapter resources

For network adapters that allow you to manually configure resources such as receive and send buffers, you should increase the allocated resources.

Some network adapters set their receive buffers low to conserve allocated memory from the host. The low value results in dropped packets and decreased performance. Therefore, for receive-intensive scenarios, we recommend that you increase the receive buffer value to the maximum.

Note

If a network adapter does not expose manual resource configuration, either it dynamically configures the resources, or the resources are set to a fixed value that cannot be changed.

Enabling interrupt moderation

To control interrupt moderation, some network adapters expose different interrupt moderation levels, different buffer coalescing parameters (sometimes separately for send and receive buffers), or both.

You should consider interrupt moderation for CPU-bound workloads. When using interrupt moderation, consider the trade-off between the host CPU savings and latency versus the increased host CPU savings because of more interrupts and less latency. If the network adapter does not perform interrupt moderation, but it does expose buffer coalescing, you can improve performance by increasing the number of coalesced buffers to allow more buffers per send or receive.

Performance tuning for low-latency packet processing

Many network adapters provide options to optimize operating system-induced latency. Latency is the elapsed time between the network driver processing an incoming packet and the network driver sending the packet back. This time is usually measured in microseconds. For comparison, the transmission time for packet transmissions over long distances is usually measured in milliseconds (an order of magnitude larger). This tuning will not reduce the time a packet spends in transit.

Following are some performance tuning suggestions for microsecond-sensitive networks.

• Set the computer BIOS to High Performance, with C-states disabled. However, note that this is system and BIOS dependent, and some systems will provide higher performance if the operating system controls power management. You can check and adjust your power management settings from Settings or by using the powercfg command. For more information, see Powercfg Command-Line Options.

• Set the operating system power management profile to High Performance System.

  Note

  This setting does not work properly if the system BIOS has been set to disable operating system control of power management.

• Enable static offloads. For example, enable the UDP Checksums, TCP Checksums, and Send Large Offload (LSO) settings.

• If the traffic is multi-streamed, such as when receiving high-volume multicast traffic, enable RSS.

• Disable the Interrupt Moderation setting for network card drivers that require the lowest possible latency. Remember, this configuration can use more CPU time and it represents a tradeoff.

• Handle network adapter interrupts and DPCs on a core processor that shares CPU cache with the core that is being used by the program (user thread) that is handling the packet. CPU affinity tuning can be used to direct a process to certain logical processors in conjunction with RSS configuration to accomplish this. Using the same core for the interrupt, DPC, and user mode thread exhibits worse performance as load increases because the ISR, DPC, and thread contend for the use of the core.

System management interrupts

Many hardware systems use System Management Interrupts (SMI) for a variety of maintenance functions, such as reporting error correction code (ECC) memory errors, maintaining legacy USB compatibility, controlling the fan, and managing BIOS-controlled power settings.

The SMI is the highest-priority interrupt on the system, and places the CPU in a management mode. This mode preempts all other activity while SMI runs an interrupt service routine, typically contained in BIOS.

Unfortunately, this behavior can result in latency spikes of 100 microseconds or more.

If you need to achieve the lowest latency, you should request a BIOS version from your hardware provider that reduces SMIs to the lowest degree possible. These BIOS versions are frequently referred to as 'low latency BIOS' or 'SMI free BIOS.' In some cases, it is not possible for a hardware platform to eliminate SMI activity altogether because it is used to control essential functions (for example, cooling fans).

Note

The operating system cannot control SMIs because the logical processor is running in a special maintenance mode, which prevents operating system intervention.

Performance tuning TCP

You can use the following items to tune TCP performance.

TCP receive window autotuning

In Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008, and later versions of Windows, the Windows network stack uses a feature that is named TCP receive window autotuning level to negotiate the TCP receive window size. This feature can negotiate a defined receive window size for every TCP communication during the TCP Handshake.

In earlier versions of Windows, the Windows network stack used a fixed-size receive window (65,535 bytes) that limited the overall potential throughput for connections. The total achievable throughput of TCP connections could limit network usage scenarios. TCP receive window autotuning enables these scenarios to fully use the network.

For a TCP receive window that has a particular size, you can use the following equation to calculate the total throughput of a single connection.

Total achievable throughput in bytes = TCP receive window size in bytes * (1 / connection latency in seconds)

/recision-tune-auto-care.html. For example, for a connection that has a latency of 10 ms, the total achievable throughput is only 51 Mbps. This value is reasonable for a large corporate network infrastructure. However, by using autotuning to adjust the receive window, the connection can achieve the full line rate of a 1-Gbps connection.

Some applications define the size of the TCP receive window. If the application does not define the receive window size, the link speed determines the size as follows:

• Less than 1 megabit per second (Mbps): 8 kilobytes (KB)
• 1 Mbps to 100 Mbps: 17 KB
• 100 Mbps to 10 gigabits per second (Gbps): 64 KB
• 10 Gbps or faster: 128 KB

For example, on a computer that has a 1-Gbps network adapter installed, the window size should be 64 KB.

This feature also makes full use of other features to improve network performance. These features include the rest of the TCP options that are defined in RFC 1323. By using these features, Windows-based computers can negotiate TCP receive window sizes that are smaller but are scaled at a defined value, depending on the configuration. This behavior the sizes easier to handle for networking devices.

Note

You may experience an issue in which the network device is not compliant with the TCP window scale option, as defined in RFC 1323 and, therefore, doesn't support the scale factor. In such cases, refer to this KB 934430, Network connectivity fails when you try to use Windows Vista behind a firewall device or contact the Support team for your network device vendor.

Review and configure TCP receive window autotuning level

You can use either netsh commands or Windows PowerShell cmdlets to review or modify the TCP receive window autotuning level.

Note

Unlike in versions of Windows that pre-date Windows 10 or Windows Server 2019, you can no longer use the registry to configure the TCP receive window size. For more information about the deprecated settings, see Deprecated TCP parameters.

Note

For detailed information about the available autotuning levels, see Autotuning levels.

To use netsh to review or modify the autotuning level

To review the current settings, open a Command Prompt window and run the following command:

The output of this command should resemble the following:

To modify the setting, run the following command at the command prompt:

Note

In the preceding command, <Value> represents the new value for the auto tuning level.

For more information about this command, see Netsh commands for Interface Transmission Control Protocol.

To use Powershell to review or modify the autotuning level

To review the current settings, open a PowerShell window and run the following cmdlet.

The output of this cmdlet should resemble the following.

To modify the setting, run the following cmdlet at the PowerShell command prompt.

Note

In the preceding command, <Value> represents the new value for the auto tuning level.

For more information about these cmdlets, see the following articles:

Autotuning levels

You can set receive window autotuning to any of five levels. The default level is Normal. The following table describes the levels.

Level	Hexadecimal value	Comments
Normal (default)	0x8 (scale factor of 8)	Set the TCP receive window to grow to accommodate almost all scenarios.
Disabled	No scale factor available	Set the TCP receive window at its default value.
Restricted	0x4 (scale factor of 4)	Set the TCP receive window to grow beyond its default value, but limit such growth in some scenarios.
Highly Restricted	0x2 (scale factor of 2)	Set the TCP receive window to grow beyond its default value, but do so very conservatively.
Experimental	0xE (scale factor of 14)	Set the TCP receive window to grow to accommodate extreme scenarios.

If you use an application to capture network packets, the application should report data that resembles the following for different window autotuning level settings.

• Autotuning level: Normal (default state)

• Autotuning level: Disabled

• Autotuning level: Restricted

• Autotuning level: Highly restricted

• Autotuning level: Experimental

Deprecated TCP parameters

The following registry settings from Windows Server 2003 are no longer supported, and are ignored in later versions.

• TcpWindowSize
• NumTcbTablePartitions
• MaxHashTableSize

All of these settings were located in the following registry subkey:

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINESystemCurrentControlSetServicesTcpipParameters

Windows Filtering Platform

Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 introduced the Windows Filtering Platform (WFP). WFP provides APIs to non-Microsoft independent software vendors (ISVs) to create packet processing filters. Examples include firewall and antivirus software.

Note

A poorly-written WFP filter can significantly decrease a server's networking performance. For more information, see Porting Packet-Processing Drivers and Apps to WFP in the Windows Dev Center.

For links to all topics in this guide, see Network Subsystem Performance Tuning.

Although, for the most part, setting up a wired network connection on a Windows 10 device is as easy as plugging in an Ethernet cable, connecting using a wireless adapter requires some additional steps depending on the security of the network.

Windows 10's Settings app that makes it super easy to manage many aspects of a Wi-Fi connection. Using the 'Wi-Fi' page in the 'Network & Security' section, you can connect and disconnect from a network, view configuration properties, change the network profile, manually add and remove network connections, set your connection as metered to reduce data usage on capped internet plans, and a lot more.

In this Windows 10 guide, we'll walk you through many ways you can manage wireless network connections on your device using the Settings app.

How to connect to a Wi-Fi network

Connecting to a wireless network is an easy process, you only need to know the network you want to connect and the security key to authenticate (sometimes also referred as a Wi-Fi password).

1. Click the wireless icon in the notification area.
2. Select the network you want to connect.
3. Check the Connect automatically option.

4. Click the Connect button.

5. Enter the network security key.

6. Click the Next button.

If the network flyout is not reporting any wireless network, you can try the steps shown below to turn off and on again Wi-Fi to see if that fixes the problem.

How to disconnect from a Wi-Fi network

Removing your device from a wireless network is also a straightforward process that can be done in a few different ways.

Disconnecting using the flyout menu

The easiest way to disconnect is using the network flyout menu.

1. Click the wireless icon in the notification area.
2. Select the network you're currently connected.

3. Click the Disconnect button on the network connection.

Alternatively, you can click the quick action Wi-Fi button at the bottom to turn off the adapter and disconnect from the network using flyout menu.

Quick Tip: The same Wi-Fi button can also be found in the Action Center's Quick Actions section (Windows key + A).

If you don't select a schedule, then you'll need to enable the adapter manually by clicking the Wi-Fi button again from the flyout menu. Also, note that using the flygout menu, it's possible to turn on or off Airplane mode and Mobile hotspot.

Disconnecting using the Settings app

Alternatively, you can enable or disable Wi-Fi using the Settings app.

1. Open Settings.
2. Click on Network & Security.
3. Click on Wi-Fi.
4. Turn off the toggle switch for the adapter you want to disconnect.

5. Use the drop-down menu to select an option to turn on the wireless adapter on schedule.

How to view a Wi-Fi connection properties

Windows 10 Auto Tune Network Problems

Sometimes, in order to troubleshoot a problem or set up an application, you'll need to know your network hardware information, such as network band, IP address, the name of the adapter and others. While there are a number of ways to find out this information, you can quickly identify these and other information about your wireless connection using the Settings app.

1. Open Settings.
2. Click on Network & Security.
3. Click on Wi-Fi.

4. Under the wireless network, click the Hardware properties link.

In the properties page, you'll find information, such as SSID, protocol, security type, network band and channel, IP and MAC address.

How to connect to a Wi-Fi network on range automatically

If you didn't select the option to connect to a wireless network automatically while setting up a new connection, or you enabled the option, but you don't need the configuration anymore, it's possible to control this feature using the Settings app.

1. Open Settings.
2. Click on Network & Security.
3. Click on Wi-Fi.

4. Click your current Wi-Fi connection.

5. Turn on or off the Connect automatically when in range option.

How to change the Wi-Fi connection network profile

In order to increase network security, starting with the Windows 10 Fall Creators Update, you can now more easily set your wireless connection as Private on a network you trust, or Public on the network you don't trust, such as at a coffee shop or airport.

1. Open Settings.
2. Click on Network & Security.
3. Click on Wi-Fi.

4. Click your current Wi-Fi connection.

5. Under 'Network profile,' select one of the two options:

   • Public – makes your PC hidden from other devices on a public network and disables file and printer sharing.
   • Private – makes your PC discoverable by other devices in a local network and allows them to use printer and file sharing (if it was configured).

If you're not running the Windows 10 Fall Creators Update, you'll see a Make this PC discoverable option, which works in the same way as the options shown in the above steps (toggle switch off means Public, and toggle switch on means Private).

How to set a Wi-Fi connection as metered

Out of the box, Windows 10 has unlimited access to the internet to download system and app updates, sync settings across your devices, connect to cloud services, and to connect you to the mighty internet.

The problem is that if you're on a limited internet connection, it's possible to go over the data cap very quickly. A metered connection helps to reduce Windows 10's data usage to prevent exceeding your data plan.

If you're connected to a limited data plan, you can use the Settings app to set your wireless connection as metered.

1. Open Settings.
2. Click on Network & Security.
3. Click on Wi-Fi.

4. Click your current Wi-Fi connection.

5. 3utools activation lock free. Under 'Metered connection,' turn on the Set as metered connection toggle switch.

After completing the steps, Windows 10 will only have restricted access to an internet connection, which also prevents it from downloading updates. However, some critical updates may download over this type of connection.

In addition, using a metered connection will prevent the Start menu from downloading Live Tiles updates, and some apps will no longer receive updates automatically.

How to add or remove Wi-Fi connections

Using the Settings app is also possible to add or remove a Wi-Fi network manually in those cases when you may need to connect to a network that doesn't broadcast its SSID (Service Set Identifier), or when you need to set up a wireless connection beforehand to save time.

Adding a Wi-Fi network

1. Open Settings.
2. Click on Network & Security.
3. Click on Wi-Fi.

4. Click the Manage known networks link.

5. Click the Add a new network button.

6. Enter the network name.
7. Using the drop-down menu, select the network security type.
8. Check the Connect automatically option.
9. Check the Connect even if the network is not broadcasting option.

10. Click Save.

Once you've completed the steps, whenever your device is within range of the network, it'll connect automatically without any further steps.

Removing a Wi-Fi network

If you must remove (forget) a Wi-Fi network, the Settings app makes it a very straightforward process.

1. Open Settings.
2. Click on Network & Security.
3. Click on Wi-Fi.

4. Click the Manage known networks link.

5. Select the Wi-Fi connection you want to remove.

6. Click the Forget button (there is no confirmation dialog using this button, so make sure that you really want Windows 10 to forget this connection before clicking the button).

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After completing the steps, your device will no longer try to connect with the network you've removed.

How to manage wireless services

The Wi-Fi settings page also offers a few nifty features for users that are always on the move.

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Wi-Fi services

Windows 10 offers two additional features to help you get connected no matter where you are located. If you turn on the Find paid plans for suggested open hotspots near me toggle switch, then you'll be able to purchase data plans from the Windows Store form affiliated networks.

In addition, you can also turn on the Connect to suggested open hotspots toggle switch, which allows Windows 10 to connect automatically to open wireless networks, even connecting through landing pages thanks to a database of known networks.

While using suggested open hotspots is a good option, remember that some networks can be reliable but not secure.

Hotspot 2.0 networks

Hotspot 2.0 is a relatively new networking standard that makes connecting to public Wi-Fi networks a simple and secure process.

If you're in a public place like at a coffee shop, airport, or hotel, Hotspot 2.0 will identify and connect to the right network automatically without having to go through a list of networks which can be fake or malicious.

Hotspot 2.0 networks is enabled by default on Windows 10, but if you're planning to make use of this feature, you can go to Settings > Update & Security > Wi-Fi to make sure is enabled. You can also check this guide for more details.

Wrapping things up

While it's now possible to configure many wireless options using the Settings app, Windows 10 has yet to include every networking feature in this experience. This means that to change some options, such as advanced network adapter settings, power management, and set up specific protocols, you still need to use Control Panel.

More Windows 10 resources

For more helpful articles, coverage, and answers to common questions about Windows 10, visit the following resources:

Windows 10 Auto Tune Network Service

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Windows 10 Auto Tune Network Free

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